Questions and Answers

All biological products are used according to the instructions on the package. In order to obtain the maximum effect from treatments, it is recommended to strictly observe the specified dosages and application rules. As a rule, biological preparations are diluted at the rate of 10 g/ml per 10 liters of water. After mixing, they should stand in the shade for 10-15 minutes to "wake up" bacteria and fungi.

Bacillus subtilis bacteria are one of the most common producers used in the production of biological fungicides, which is due to the fact that these microorganisms are the most active producers of antibiotic and bactericidal substances.

The mechanisms that allow fungicides based on Bacillus subtilis to control a wide range of diseases should primarily include:

1) Synthesis of antibiotics and biologically active substances. Currently, more than 66 compounds of an antibiotic nature (polypeptide and aminoglycoside nature) are known, which suppress the growth of fungi and exhibit bactericidal properties (the ability to kill pathogenic bacteria).

Also, Bacillus subtilis microorganisms are able to produce a number of biologically active substances (jasminic acid, salicylic acid) that stimulate the plant's defense mechanisms ("induced" immunity), which provides protection against repeated disease infections.

2) Rapid colonization of the root zone of plants. Microorganisms Bacillus subtilis are able to take root in the root system when processing seeds, seedlings, soaking seedlings. At the same time, microorganisms exist in the root throughout the life of the plant and actively use nutrients that are released by plants, and release antibiotic substances, which leads to the inhibition of the development of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.

3) Stimulation of plant development Bacillus subtilis bacteria are capable of synthesizing phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, a number of vitamins (mainly group B)), which ensure the development of a branched root system, which improves the survival of seedlings, seedlings, increases resistance to environmental stress factors (high temperatures , lack of moisture, frost).

Biofungicides based on Bacillus subtilis are widely used to protect against the following diseases:

On vegetable crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.) - mold and rotting of seeds, stem and root rot, alternariosis, macrosporiosis, black leg, cabbage keel, white and black rot, anthracnose, fomosis, etc.

On fruit and berry crops (strawberries, raspberries, apples, pears, cherries) – Anthracnose, gray and white rot, white spot, a complex of root rots (fusariosis, pitosis rot), coccomycosis.

The bacterial nature of Bacillus subtilis allows the use of preparations based on them in combination with chemical fungicides ("integrated" protection systems), which increases the effectiveness of the latter and allows to reduce the number of fungicide treatments.

At the same time, the combined use of drugs based on Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma fungi provides the best protection against a complex of bacterial diseases (vascular bacteriosis, bacterial cancer, bacterial burn, bacterial root rot), against which most chemical fungicides are ineffective.

Soil micromycetes of the genus Trichoderma show high activity against pathogens of plant diseases, both bacterial and fungal in nature. These microorganisms have various mechanisms of influence on plant pathogens:

• Antibiotic action of mushrooms of the genus Trichoderma - more than 60 different types of antibiotics (gliotoxin, viridin, alamecin and others) that these mushrooms secrete have been discovered. These antibiotics are able to suppress the development of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms.

• Release of lytic enzymes - Trichoderma micromycetes release a significant amount of enzymes capable of destroying the cell walls of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
  Parasitic activity – mushrooms are capable of parasitizing a number of fungal pathogens (fusarium, white and gray rot, rhizoctaniosis).
  The presence of several mechanisms of suppressing the development of harmful microorganisms (or pathogens) allows stable use of preparations based on Trichoderma in the biological protection of vegetable and fruit and berry crops.

On vegetable crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), biofungicides allow to control the following diseases: root rot (fusarium, pitosis and bacterial nature), rhizoctoniosis, brown spot, alternariosis, bacterial cancer, anthracnose, white rot, black leg, gray rot, vascular bacteriosis.

On fruit and berry crops (strawberries, raspberries, apples, pears, cherries) - preparations based on Trichoderma fungi provide protection against such diseases - powdery mildew, mildew, bacterial cancer, coccomycosis, gray, white and black fruit rot, bacterial burn, etc. .

An important ability of Trichoderma fungi is the ability to quickly populate (or colonize) the soil and actively compete for nutrients with phytopathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the introduction of biofungicides based on these into the soil (with irrigation water or when processing plant residues in the autumn period) allows you to gradually improve them.

Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are a type of spore-forming, soil bacteria from the genus Bacillus, these microorganisms are currently one of the most widespread microorganisms used in the production of biological insecticides.

The microorganism exhibits an insecticidal effect due to the synthesis of a spore-crystal complex. Bacillus thuringiensis is capable of synthesizing 2 main types of toxins:

1) Crystalline protein endotoxin (δ-endotoxin) - is activated in the intestine of the pest and causes its dysfunction, inhibits digestion of the pest, causing intestinal paralysis and rupture of its epithelium.

2) Thermostable protein exotoxin (ᵦ - exotoxin) - suppresses the synthesis of RNA and proteins in insect cells, which leads to deterioration of the metamorphosis of the pest, reduces the fertility of females and the viability of subsequent generations. This leads to a reduction in the number of pests in the future.

Bacillus thuringiensis has an intestinal type of action: activated in the intestines of pests, the toxins cause disturbances in digestive functions and lead to the destruction of the intestinal epithelium. As a result, bacteria penetrate from the intestinal cavity into the body of the insect, which leads to general bacteriosis and the subsequent death of the pest.

The first signs of the Bacillus thuringiensis s effect are the cessation of feeding of pests for 1-3 days. Mass death of insects is noted for 3-5 days. The term of protective action is 7-15 days

This complex of toxins is safe for humans and animals, which makes it possible to use them for the production of bacterial means of combating harmful insects.

Bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis are widely used to protect against the following pests:

On vegetable crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), caterpillars of the cabbage moth, larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, potato moth, caterpillars of various types of scoops, caterpillars of the cabbage whitefly, cabbage moth, etc.

On fruit and berry crops (strawberries, raspberries, apples, pears, cherries) – larvae of fruit eaters, leafworms, caterpillars of apple moth, larvae of leafhoppers, grape leafhopper, larvae of fireflies, etc.

The bacterial nature of Bacillus thuringiensis allows the use of preparations based on them in combination with chemical insecticides ("integrated" protection systems), which reduces the number of treatments and prevents the emergence of insecticide-resistant forms of harmful insects.

Avermectins (Abamectins) are products of life activity of actinomycete bacteria Streptomyces avermitilis, which have high insecticidal activity. Most streptomycetes are widespread in most soils and decaying vegetation. These microorganisms have high metabolic activity - they synthesize a complex complex of insecticidal toxins - abamectins.

Currently, among the abamectins secreted by streptomycetes, four main A1a, A2a, B1a, B2a and four secondary A1b, A2b, B1b, B2b have been identified. Such a number of active substances ensures the effective effect of the bioinsecticides at the level of chemical insecticides.

Abamectins are neurotoxin-type active substances. Getting into the body of invertebrates by contact or through the intestines, they lead to inhibition and blocking of the transmission of a nerve impulse, as a result of which paralysis occurs, and then the death of individuals of many types of insects, ticks and nematodes.

The first signs of the drug's effect are the cessation of feeding by pests after 6 to 16 hours. Mass death of insects is noted for 2-3 days.

Avermectins have a good effect on pests at temperatures of 18-20° C. At temperatures above +30° C, the effectiveness of abamectins increases by 2 times, at the same time, under such conditions, most chemical insecticides lose their activity

Also, abamectins are able to penetrate the leaves of plants (trans-laminar action), which ensures a long-lasting effect of the bioinsecticides. The term of protective action is 10-20 days.

At the same time, abamectins do not have a systemic effect and therefore do not accumulate in plant products.

Bioinsecticides based on Streptomyces avermitilis are widely used to protect against the following pests:

On vegetable crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.) – Colorado potato beetle, caterpillars of various scoops, spider mites, mining moths, thrips, whiteflies, complexes of aphids, etc.

On fruit and berry crops (strawberries, raspberries, apple trees, pears, cherries) - mites, honeydew, larvae of fruit-eaters, leafhoppers, apple moths, weevils, weevils, leafhoppers, thrips, a complex of aphids, raspberry beetle, etc.

The micromycete Metarhizium anisopliae is a species of entomopathogenic fungi from the Clavicipitaceae family, capable of forming spores. Widely distributed in soils, capable of causing "green muscardine" disease in a wide range of soil pests. This mushroom was one of the first, at the end of the 19th century. began to be used for the production of biological insecticides.

The soil fungus Metarhizium anisopliae exhibits high insecticidal activity due to the following mechanisms:

1) Direct parasitism. The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is able to parasitize the body of soil pests, so upon contact with the body of the pest within 12-18 hours, the spores of the fungus germinate in the body of the insect and affect the fat tissue, intestinal tract, paralyze the nervous system, muscle tissue and respiratory organs. As a result, the pest dies and becomes a source of food for micromycetes and other soil microflora. Complete death of the pest occurs 2-5 days after infection. After the death of the pest, the pest's body is covered with green mycelium and forms spores that are a source of infection for other pests.

2) Release of toxins. Micromycetes Metarhizium anisopliae are able to secrete a number of insecticidal toxins - destruxins (Dxs) of class A, E and B. These toxins play an important role in weakening the immune defense of the pest, damaging the muscular system and causing difficulties with feeding and mobility of the insect.

Bioinsecticides based on Metarhizium anisopliae are widely used to protect against the following most common soil pests: larvae of the May beetle, weevil, wireworm, gnawing scoop, and are also capable of affecting wintering forms of pests.

Also, Metarhizium anisopliae mushrooms are capable of actively inhabiting the rhizosphere of plants, while the micromycete secretes biologically active substances - phytohormones that stimulate plant growth and increase resistance to drought.

The fungus Beauveria bassiana is a species of entomopathogenic micromycetes belonging to the genus Beauveria. These fungi are widespread in the soil and on plants, capable of causing mycosis in a wide range of insect pests, as well as some types of ticks.

The soil fungus Beauveria bassiana exhibits high insecticidal activity due to the following mechanisms;

1) Direct parasitism. fungal spores, upon contact with the body of a pest insect, secrete a complex of enzymes that dissolve the chitinous cuticle in places of attachment. After the destruction of the cuticle, the spores of Beauveria bassiana germinate in the cavity of the insect's body, while the intestinal tract, respiratory organs are damaged, and the nervous system is paralyzed. As a result of widespread mycosis, the insect dies. Further development of the fungus occurs already in the dead pest. The hyphae of the micromycete, sprouting outward, cover the body of the pest with a thick mycelium, forming a layer with spores on the surface. Formed spores can serve as a source of infection for other pests.

2) Release of toxins. After invading the insect body, the micromycete Beauveria bassiana produces various toxins that are secondary metabolites (bevericin, bassianin, bassianolide, boverolides, tenellin, etc.). These toxins help the micromycete to parasitize and kill the pest. Also quite often, the effect of toxins leads to secondary infection of pests with other types of microorganisms, which accelerates their death. This complex of toxins is safe for humans and animals, which makes it possible to use them for the production of biological insecticides.

The first signs of the drug's effect are the cessation of feeding of pests for 2-4 days. Mass death of insects is noted for 3-5 days. The term of protective action is 7-14 days

Bioinsecticides based on Beauveria bassiana are widely used to protect against the following pests:

On vegetable crops (potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.) – the Colorado potato beetle, caterpillars of various types of scoops, potato moth, caterpillars of cabbage whitefly, thrips, whiteflies, etc.

On fruit and berry crops (strawberries, raspberries, apple trees, pears, cherries) - apple moths, fruit-eating larvae, leafhoppers, leafhoppers, grape thrips, grape leafhoppers, leafhoppers, fireflies, aphids, etc.

Biological products have safety class 4: safe for humans, bees and the environment. There is no such expectation, but to be sure, read the instructions carefully.

Adhesive is a substance that helps fix the working solution on the leaves of plants.

The adjuvant has a broader task, it not only keeps the working solution on the surface of the plants, but also evenly covers the plants during processing due to the reduction of the surface tension of the droplets. Also, thanks to its composition, the effectiveness and penetration of working solutions into plants increases, which generally improves the work of drugs and allows to reduce the rate of consumption.

1. Fungal products cannot be combined with chemical fungicides;

2. Bacterial can be combined with a small amount of chemical fungicides. There is no exact list, so it is better to work separately;

3. You can work with fertilizers in one tank mixture;

Processing is recommended every 10-14 days. The effect of any crop protection products weakens with precipitation or a strong drop in air temperature. Therefore, after rain or heavy dew, it is recommended to re-treat.

The main function of biofungicides is to prevent the development of pathogenic microorganisms and diseases. Therefore, if the disease has already developed or is in an advanced stage, it is recommended to either increase the dosage of biological fingicides or use chemical drugs to eliminate them.

We recommend:

- to use biological fungicides for prevention and treatment in the early stages of disease development;

- for the treatment of the advanced stage - chemical CPP, followed by treatment with biological fungicides after 5-7 days.

Yes, biological insecticides are safe for bees as long as application instructions are followed.

No, biological preparations do not accumulate in the soil, fruits and plants.

The essence of the action of fungicides is the prevention and treatment of plant diseases. Biological fungicides are bacterial and fungal. The main ones are based on spores of the fungus Trichoderma and spores of bacteria of the genus Bacillus.

Fungal products: During the preparation of the working solution, fungal spores are awakened and, falling into the soil or on a plant, germinate, forming mycelium, begin active competition for the substrate (nutrients) with other microflora, parasitize pathogens, suppressing them, thus protecting plants.

Bacterial products: spores "wake up" and in the process of their vital activity release biologically active substances: antibiotics, phytohormones, vitamins and other substances. Due to which plant pathogens are suppressed.